An Electron Dynamics Mechanism of Charge Separation in the Initial‐Stage Dynamics of Photoinduced Water Splitting in XMnWater (X=OH,OCaH) and Electron–Proton Acceptors

An electron dynamics mechanism of charge separation in the initial stage of excited‐state reactions of the class of X?Mn?OH₂???A${ \to }$ X?Mn?OH???HA (X=OH or OCaH; A=N‐methylformamidine, guanidine, imidazole, or ammonia cluster) is reported. The dynamic effect of calcium doping is also revealed. This study provides a novel factor to be considered in designing efficient systems for photoinduced water splitting.     

Micro‐ and Nano‐Technologies for Lipid Bilayer‐Based Ion‐Channel Functional Assays

Ion channel proteins provide gated pores that allow ions to passively flow across cell membranes. Owing to their crucial roles in regulating transmembrane ion flow, ion channel proteins have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical investigators as drug targets for use in the studies of both therapeutics and side effects. In this review, we discuss the current technologies that are used in the formation of ion channel‐integrated bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) in microfabricated devices as a potential platform for next‐generation drug screening systems. Advances in BLM fabrication methodology have allowed the preparation of BLMs in sophisticated formats, such as microfluidic, automated, and/or array systems, which can be combined with channel current recordings. A much more critical step is the integration of the target channels into BLMs. Current technologies for the functional reconstitution of ion channel proteins are presented and discussed. Finally, the remaining issues of the BLM‐based methods for recording ion channel activities and their potential applications as drug screening systems are discussed.     

Scale factor effect of RGB monochromatic speckle grains on color speckle distribution

Optical Review - A measured color speckle distribution around a white point plotted in the xyYnorm color space was compared with the color speckle distribution calculated by the conventional...     

Repair of (6‐4) Lesions in DNA by (6‐4) Photolyase: 20 Years of Quest for the Photoreaction Mechanism

Exposure of DNA to ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun or from other sources causes the formation of harmful and carcinogenic crosslinks between adjacent pyrimidine nucleobases, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine(6–4)pyrimidone photoproducts. Nature has developed unique flavoenzymes, called DNA photolyases, that utilize blue light, that is photons of lower energy than those of the damaging light, to repair these lesions. In this review, we focus on the chemically challenging repair of the (6–4) photoproducts by (6–4) photolyase and describe the major events along the quest for the reaction mechanisms, over the 20 years since the discovery of (6‐4) photolyase.     

Syntheses of N-aryl-protected glucosamines and their stereoselectivity in chemical glycosylations

N-Aryl-protecting groups were introduced in glucosamines to achieve β-selective glycosylation. Various N-aryl aminosugars were synthesized via Buchwald–Hartwig reaction. Glycosylation using glycosyl trichloroacetimidates of N-aryl aminosugars smoothly proceeded in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. Use of a glycosyl donor comprising an electron-donating 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl (DMP) group led to the glycosylation proceeding with high β selectivity. This stereoselectivity seemed to be derived from the formation of an aziridine intermediate. The DMP-protecting group can be removed immediately by using ammonium hexanitratocerate (IV).     

Discovery of Hexagonal Structured Pd–B Nanocrystals

We report on hexagonal close-packed (hcp) palladium (Pd)–boron (B) nanocrystals (NCs) by heavy B doping into face-centered cubic (fcc) Pd NCs. Scanning transmission electron microscopy–electron energy loss spectroscopy and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction measurements demonstrated that the B atoms are homogeneously distributed inside the hcp Pd lattice. The large paramagnetic susceptibility of Pd is significantly suppressed in Pd–B NCs in good agreement with the reduction of density of states at Fermi energy suggested by X-ray absorption near-edge structure and theoretical calculations.     

Assembly of a Benzo-Fused Bridged Ketone Scaffold from 1,5,10-Enediynes through One-Pot Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cyclization/Iodine-Mediated Oxidative Ring Expansion

In the presence of a cationic Ru catalyst, 1,6-diynes bearing a terminal styryl moiety underwent [2+2+2] cyclization to produce dehydrobiphenylenes fused with a five-membered ring. Although the cycloadducts were unstable toward purification, their one-pot iodine-mediated ring expansion successfully afforded unprecedented bridged ketone products containing a benzo-fused bicyclo[3.2.1] framework.     

Asymptotic behavior of solutions to space‐time fractional diffusion‐reaction equations

This article discusses the analyticity and the long‐time asymptotic behavior of solutions to space‐time fractional diffusion‐reaction equations in . By a Laplace transform argument, we prove that the decay rate of the solution as t→∞ is dominated by the order of the time‐fractional derivative. We consider the decay rate also in a bounded domain. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.